Outline of the physiology of vision, basics on visual optics, optics of the eye and optical factors associated with vision; emmetropia and ametropia, etiology of refractive errors; correction of refractive errors with spectacle lenses and contact lenses. Visual acuity measurement and calculation of optotypes, monocular refraction measurements methods and prescription in case of ametropia; accommodation of the eye and presbyopia, measurements and prescriptions in case of presbyopia.
Lectures notes by the teacher on refraction measurement methods.
Learning Objectives
Knolewdge acquired: optics of the eye and optical factors associated with vision; refractive errors, both from refractive and etiological point of view; correction of refractive errors with spectacle lenses and contact lenses. Accommodation of the eye and presbyopia.
Competence acquired: Measurement and correction of refractive errors and prebyopia with spectacle lenses and contact lenses.
Skills acquired (at the end of the course): Measurement of refractive errors, myopia, hyperopia, and astigmatism; measurement of presbyopia; to be able to provide the future user the appropriate indication for the correction and treatment of vision anomalies.
Prerequisites
Insegnamenti contenenti i prerequisiti (vincolanti e/o consigliati)
Total hours of the course (including the time spent in attending lectures, seminars, private study, examinations, etc...): 150
Hours reserved to private study and other indivual formative activities:
Contact hours for: Lectures (hours): 40
Contact hours for: Laboratory (hours): 12
Further information
Office hours:
At the end of lesson hours
Type of Assessment
Exam modality: Written and oral exams. The written exam consists of multiple choice questions on the various topics of the course. The oral is an open discussion on the the issues found to be deficient in the written test.
Course program
Course Contents (detailed programme): Introduction to physiological optics: - Ocular refraction: schematic eye: exact, simplified, reduced - Power of the cornea and the lens - Axis and angles - Calculation of the diameter of the diffusion disk - depth of focus and depth of field – stenopeic hole. Visual acuity: - Minimum visible, minimum separable, minimum readable, iperacuity - size of the retinal image and related calculations, size of optotypes and related calculations - Visual acuity scale: decimal, Snellen, metric scale, Snellen imperial scale, cycles per degree, Log Mar - Optotypes: alphabet, Snellen, Landolt rings, figures for children, gratings.
Emmetropia and ametropia: - Concept of emmetropia and ametropia - axial and refractive ametropia - Far point and ametropia - Accommodation: physiology of accommodation - range of sharp and comfortable vision in relation to ametropia and age - Myopia: classification according to Curtin and Grosvenor, etiology, development, symptoms, methods of checking and correction - High Myopia: ocular abnormalities, symptoms, correction - Hyperopia: congenital, acquired, latent, manifest, absolute, facultative, etiology, symptoms, correction.
Astigmatism: regular, irregular, refractive, corneal, with the rule, against the rule, oblique, myopic, hyperopic, mixed, simple, compound.
Monocular refraction measurement methods: - History, preliminary examination, determination of the spherical equivalent and Best Vision Sphere (BVS) –blur techniques and recession - Correction of astigmatism using the dial for astigmatism: procedure, verification and control - Evaluation of astigmatism, amount and axis, using cross cylinder: procedure, checks and controls. - Test to finalize the sphere compound of refraction (basics): use of positive and negative lenses of 0.25 dt, bicromatic, cylinder. - Test of binocular balance of accommodation, prismatic and polarized. - Practical tests.
Classification of presbyopia and its compensation by controlling the range of clear vision and the best visual acuity for near.